In disease contexts, especially when complex tissues are profiled, IFN-I and- II signaling is often difficult to entangle by gene expression profiling, but even in heterogenous cancer cohorts from TCGA we could differentiate our IFN-I signatures from IFN-II signatures well and could show an association of our IFN-II signature to published CD8+ T cell signatures (Fig. 5) clustering to the exclusion of IFN-I signatures. Here, CD8A is linked to cancer.