Quantitative assessments of NeuN (Fig 4F) and TUNEL (Fig 4G) staining corroborated these observations, with significant improvements in both the semaglutide and dapagliflozin groups compared to the T2DM group, and semaglutide demonstrating a stronger effect (p < 0.001). This evidence concerns the gene RBFOX3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.