IGF1 and diabetes mellitus: 2019; Guo et al. 2021). Recent studies indicate that T1DM patients also develop IR (Wolosowicz et al. 2020). It is widely recognized that low and high IGF-I levels are related to IR (Friedrich et al. 2012). Significantly lower levels of IGF-1 were determined in patients with DM, leading to reduced bone formation and a higher risk of fragility fractures (Rubin and Patsch 2016; Wu et al. 2022).