Mice receiving fecal transplantation from IUGR piglets exhibited pathological changes, including focal hepatocellular necrosis and significant lipid accumulation, accompanied by a compensatory and protective response characterized by the upregulated expression of fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes, such as Cpt1a and Acox1 [34], as well as Apoa4 [2]. Here, APOA4 is linked to fetal growth restriction.