The reduction in key pro-inflammatory markers (TNF, PTGES, IL1B, and CXCL8) in response to PAM3 stimulation following PGN-L pretreatment supports the concept that PGN-L possesses immunomodulatory properties capable of mitigating excessive inflammatory responses in BEECs, a crucial aspect of endometritis pathogenesis in dairy cows (50). This evidence concerns the gene PTGES and endometritis.