TNF and Alzheimer disease: Elevated OS markers such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) correlate with cognitive decline in AD (Graille et al., 2020; Ghezzi and Mooradian, 2021), while ROS overproduction activates pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), amplifying neuroinflammation via microglial activation (Dhapola et al., 2021; Leng and Edison, 2021).