TNF and Sepsis: Moreover, bacterial toxin and acidosis in infected cases result into pulmonary artery spasm and metabolic disorder, consequently causing injuries in multiple organs (such as respiratory failure) (29), Of course, an imbalance of inflammatory response in patients with sepsis would contribute to the occurrence of respiratory failure, which could be verified by including immune immunological molecules in the prediction model (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6 and procalcitonin) in the future.