REN and hypertensive disorder: Elevated FBG and insulin resistance together can activate both the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), resulting in increased sodium retention, higher peripheral resistance, and ultimately disturbed cardiovascular homeostasis (41–44).Notably, insulin resistance also intensifies oxidative stress, further impairing endothelial function and exacerbating vascular rigidity, which together contribute to the pathophysiological groundwork of hypertension (45, 46).