TSHR and thromboangiitis obliterans: Other studies have shown that thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) are the primary marker of GD and are highly prevalent in TAO patients, demonstrating 100% sensitivity in distinguishing active from inactive and mild from moderate-to-severe TAO [269], with disease activity strongly correlating with circulating TSHR autoantibodies (TSHR-Ab) [270–272].