TNF and salpingitis: In this study, the effects of E2 and P4 on the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, and mBD-2 in LPS-stimulated fallopian tube epithelial cells, as well as the potential mediation of postinjury salpingitis through the NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways, were investigated.