ABCB4 and sclerosing cholangitis: In addition to stimulation of bicarbonate-rich choleresis, NCA showed anti-cholestatic, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects in preclinical mouse models, most prominently the Mdr2/Abcb4−/− mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis,128,250,263 but also non-cholestatic models such as Schistosoma mansoni or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, among others.264–266 Notably, the immunomodulatory effects of NCA may help explain these broad therapeutic effects.