It is noteworthy that we found no changes in the expression of Vegfc and Vegfr3 in ALS muscle and lumbar SPC, except for a small decrease in the p120 ALS TA (Fig. 4A), even though Il1b and Tnfa (also known as Tnf), proinflammatory cytokines that upregulate Vegfc expression (Ristimäki et al., 1998), were upregulated as well postsymptomatically (Fig. 4B,E). Here, TNF is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.