IGF1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A GWAS utilizing data from the UK Biobank identified 496 shared risk SNPs, implicating critical biological pathways involved in both disorders, including glycolipid metabolism (PPAP2B, DGKB, LIPC), adipocytokine signaling (LEPR, PPARGC1A), T2DM (GCK, CACNA1C), long-term depression (ITPR2, IGF1), and immune pathways (NFATC3, NFATC2) (37).