CD4 and rheumatoid arthritis: To further investigate the roles of glycolysis and mtROS in the differential functions of cTfh and Tph cells, we inhibited glycolysis using the glucose analog 2-DG and mitigated mtROS with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ in CD4+ T cells from RA patients, we found that 2-DG could reduce the proportion of cTfh, and MitoQ could decrease the proportion of both cTfh and Tph cells (Figure 5A).