Moreover, studies by Maayan Waldman and others have shown that sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and its associated transcriptional coactivators, PGC-1α, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), play significant roles in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant defenses in DCM. This evidence concerns the gene HMOX1 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.