TGFB1 and colitis: The results of these studies demonstrated that TsAES treatment significantly reduces colitis severity, likely through the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-6 and IL-17, together with the upregulation of regulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, as well as an increase in Treg generation, particularly within mesenteric lymph nodes.