IFNB1 and infection: Studies of other bacteria have revealed that IFNs induce itaconic acid production to inhibit Legionella pneumophila infection [43]; IFN-β directly kills Staphylococcus aureus via its cationic and amphipathic properties on the molecular surface [44]; and during extracellular bacterial infections, such as Helicobacter pylori infection or polymymicrobial sepsis, type I IFNs promote Cxcl10-mediated cell recruitment to protect the host from infection [35].