Similarly, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram, and paroxetine were found to promote apoptosis in GBM cells by disrupting actin formation and modulating signalling pathways like FAK, Akt, and mTOR, while also increasing calcium influx into mitochondria56,57. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and glioblastoma.