We also observed that the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the BPH group were significantly higher than those in the control group (Fig. 8C), and there was a positive correlation between TNF-α concentration and the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 (Fig. S8B). Here, TNF is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.