USP14 and hepatocellular carcinoma: We introduced these mutants into HCC cells and conducted in vitro ubiquitination assay, indicating that USP14 inhibition did not increase K48-linked ubiquitination for the K48R or K118R mutants post-RT (Fig. 5J), highlighting USP14’s role in specifically deubiquitinating cGPX4 at K48 or K118.