Serum soluble mediators from 173 participants who had no previous diagnosis of COVID-19 at pre-vaccination or during the 6-month follow-up revealed an increase in the levels of chemokines (CCL11, CCL3, CCL4, CCL2, CCL5, and CCL10), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-15), regulatory cytokines (IL-1Ra, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13), and growth factors (FGF-basic, PDGF, VEGF, G-CSF, IL-7, and IL-2) shortly after the first month compared to the pre-vaccination time point (Fig. 6). Here, CCL5 is linked to COVID-19.