Other leukaemia associated genes were expressed by cells within clusters that had expanded during disease progression, for example HOXB-AS3 (Fig. 7F), a gene encoding a long non-coding RNA shown to be an adverse prognostic marker for AML and MDS57, CD93 (Fig. 7F), a marker associated with proliferative leukaemic stem cells58 and genes associated with angiogenesis and therapy resistance (RAMP2, CALCRL)59,60, angiogenesis and poor prognosis in MDS (FLT1, KDR)61,62 (Supplementary Fig. 8D). Here, KDR is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.