INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For example, mifamuratide (muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine, a synthetic NOD-2 activating molecule) is an MDP-based orphan drug that induces insulin sensitization in HFD-induced obesity in mice and exploring its GLP-1 associated mechanism is critical to deal with obesity and other metabolic disorders along with its long term immunomodulatory effects [111].