Furthermore, γδ IELs maintain intestinal epithelial homeostasis by releasing growth factors, including keratinocyte growth factor 1 (KGF1, an epithelial cell mitogen); therefore, it becomes critical to investigate the impact of GLP-1/GLP-1R axis on IEL-mediated gut epithelium homoeostasis maintenance during normal physiology and different GI infections, which may cause sepsis through leaky gut and inflammatory diseases, such as IBD and ulcerative colitis (UC) [141–144]. Here, GLP1R is linked to ulcerative colitis.