GFAP and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: Díez-Cirarda et al. (2023) identified elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in LC patients, which were significantly associated with reduced hippocampal volume and perfusion, particularly in patients who had been hospitalized. These biomarkers are linked to axonal injury, astrocyte reactivity, and myelin damage (Hol & Pekny, 2015; Lorenzo et al., 2019; Solly et al., 1996).