TGFB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Among these, six pathways (SPP1, PLAU, CCL, ANNEXIN, IL16, and GALECTIN) were upregulated in COPD, while 13 pathways (LT, PARs, IFN-II, FASLG, TNF, GAS, RESISTIN, BAFF, TGFb, APRIL, LIGHT, GRN, and VISFATIN) were upregulated in HS (Figure 7C).