Interestingly, pulmonary fibrosis and traction bronchiectasis are known to predispose patients to APES [9], and recent studies suggest that persistent immune activation, elevated TGF-β levels, and latent infections such as with Propionibacterium acnes may contribute to disease reactivation [10-12]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to disease arising from reactivation of latent virus.