DNER and cancer: Similarly, in HTLV-1-associated cancers, DNMT and HDAC inhibitors, BET inhibitors, and CRISPR-based techniques mitigate oncogenic processes by disrupting viral transcription and chromatin modifications (Letafati et al., 2025; Wang et al., 2024; Sarkozy et al., 2020; Julia and Salles, 2021; Nastoupil et al., 2023; Li et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2016).