TGFB1 and anemia: Hyperactive TGF-β signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several anemia-associated diseases, such as MDS47,48,80, β-thalassemia81–83 and primary myelofibrosis84 and the prognosis of these diseases benefits from luspatercept, a TGF-β superfamily ligand trap that improves anemia by promoting late-stage erythropoiesis82,85.