MAPK8 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Additionally, Wnt5a/b ligand expression is elevated in PAFs from COPD patients.370 Wnt5b induces JNK, p38, and p65 NF-κB signaling mediated by the FZD2 receptor and TAK1, resulting in the release of IL-6 and CXCL8.370 The upregulated expression of Wnt11 in PAF isolated from IPF patients and animal models leads to upregulation of α-SMA by activating the JNK/c-Jun pathway, thereby promoting myofibroblast differentiation.371