In the ECs of patients with IPAH, the expression of Ano1 is compensatorily increased.151 In rat PAECs, activated Ano1 stimulates the phosphorylation of p38 by increasing mitochondrial ROS, thereby activating Caspase-3 to promote apoptosis.151. The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.