According to research, reduced AMPK function in PPHN led to mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis, suggesting a critical interplay between AMPK, mitochondria, and vascular development in PPHN.250,259 In PPHN, impaired vasodilation is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by decreased mitochondrial DNA copy number, electron transport chain complex subunit levels, and ATP levels in PAECs and lung tissues. Here, PRKAA1 is linked to persistent fetal circulation syndrome.