Additionally, combination therapies involving calcilytics and other pharmacological agents such as PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, have shown enhanced anti-proliferative effects in IPAH-PASMCs, suggesting that targeting CaSR could improve the efficacy of current treatments for IPAH.489 Combining these approaches in multi-target therapies could enhance treatment efficacy but also necessitate careful monitoring of adverse interactions between pathways. Here, CASR is linked to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.