VTN and age-related macular degeneration: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal lipid metabolism are major contributors to its pathophysiology.[13] Chronic inflammation, in particular, accelerates damage to the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch membrane, leading to drusen formation and subsequent macular dysfunction.[14] Multiple immune components, including complement proteins, cytokines, and signaling pathways, are linked to AMD, suggesting various inflammatory routes may lead to the same disease.[15]