CCN2 and polycystic ovary syndrome: COC treatment (95.00 ± 33.02) and the combination therapy (66.17 ± 12.42) also significantly decreased CTGF levels (P < 0.0001 vs PCOS), with combination therapy yielding numerically greater reductions than either monotherapy, though differences were not statistically significant (P ═ 0.940 vs PFD; P ═ 0.146 vs COC).