Of note, however, studies also indicated that M2-like macrophages were also present in the intestine to alleviate inflammation.(Bain and Mowat, 2014a) As simply defining the macrophages as M1 or M2 phenotypes is not readily suitable in the intestine (Bain and Mowat, 2014a), we demonstrated elevated expression of TNF in intestinal macrophages in DSS-treated wt mice, suggesting a pro-inflammatory role and possibly predominance of M1-like phenotype in murine colitis. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.