OSM and cancer: KEGG pathway analysis highlighted “pathways in cancer” as a major GO category, with upregulation of PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathway genes (e.g., Egr1, Il-1β, Fosl, Fosl1, Fosl2, Junb), TSCC-associated macrophage markers (Serpinb2, Osm), and myeloid-derived suppressor cell markers (Fcgrb3, Pfkfb3) were all >2-fold elevated.