Additionally, TILs in Neo‐CRCVAS‐treated mice exhibited high expression of PD‐1 but low expression of activation marker 4‐1BB (Figure 2E); correspondingly, the obvious upregulation of PD‐L1 and downregulation of MHCI were confirmed by flow cytometry analysis in tumor tissues of Neo‐CRCVAS‐treated mice (Figure 2F,G). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.