To avoid immune monitoring, GBM cells use a variety of strategies, including the release of immunosuppressive cytokines and the overexpression of immunological checkpoint molecules like Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) 36, 37. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and glioblastoma.