The therapeutic efficacy of the RBCEVs loaded with either NC ASO (NC-ASO-EVs), Kras G12D ASO (Kras-ASO-EVs), immRNA (immR-EVs), or combined Kras G12D ASO and immRNA (Kras-ASO-EVs + immR-EVs) was initially validated in this conditional NSCLC mouse model via intratracheal administration every three days (Figure 4A). The gene discussed is KRAS; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.