CD40LG and toxoplasmosis: Serological tests have been the primary method for evaluating toxoplasmosis in humans in many epidemiological studies, detecting single or multiple antibodies (IgM, IgG and IgG avidity) against T. gondii across diverse population groups (Bisetegn et al., 2023; Al-Shammari and Iqbal, 2021; Ybañez et al., 2020; Candolfi et al., 2007; Laboudi and Sadak, 2017; Mohammed et al., 2024).