TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: In different murine models of CKD development (DN, AAN, IRI and partial nephrectomy), it has been reported that multiple injections of HLSC-EVs cause the downregulation of pro-fibrotic genes, as Collagen, alpha-SMA, TGFβ, indicating that this EV population may influence the expression of genes involved in key pathways of CKD-progression (Grange et al., 2019; Kholia et al., 2018; Bruno et al., 2022; Ceccotti et al., 2024).