IRS1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In HCC, proline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) modulates the transcription of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) by influencing H3K18 lactylation in its promoter region, thus driving metastasis and promoting other malignant characteristics of HCC cells (Wang H. et al., 2024).