TNF and Hashimoto thyroiditis: Research indicates that the dysregulation of chemokines and cytokines in the thyroid tissue and peripheral blood of individuals with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, including pro-inflammatory agents such as interferon-gamma (IFN-g), interferon-alpha (IFN-a), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), can aggravate thyroid damage and sustain chronic inflammation (Kemp et al., 2003; Domberg et al., 2008; Akeno et al., 2011; Rebuffat et al., 2013; Salzano et al., 2012).