IL1B and Alzheimer disease: In animal models, AD mice exhibited elevated levels of Bacteroidota (basonym Bacteroidetes) and a loss of protective effects from Bifidobacterium, along with increased expression of inflammasomes and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the brain, indicating that gut microbiota can trigger AD pathology through neuroinflammation (Shukla et al., 2021).