These metabolites may influence CD8+ T cells by mediating epigenetic modifications.99,100 For instance, ILA produced by Lactobacillus plantarum L168 enhances the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells by transcriptionally inhibiting Saa3 expression, which is related to cholesterol metabolism, through reduced chromatin accessibility.99 IPA modulates the stemness program of CD8+ T cells and promotes the generation of progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells (Tpex) by increasing H3K27 acetylation at the super-enhancer region of Tcf7.100. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF9 and neoplasm.