TNFRSF9 and neoplasm: ILA can enhance IL-12a production in dendritic cells (DCs) by increasing H3K27ac binding at the enhancer regions of IL-12a, thereby contributing to the priming of CD8+ T cell immunity against tumor growth.99 However, gut-produced ILA and IAA, which accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME), can drive an immunosuppressive phenotype in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and suppress CD8+ T cell accumulation in the TME via AhR stimulation.38