These M1 macrophages further stimulate Th1 and Th17 differentiation.114 TMAO also enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by inducing pyroptosis in tumor cells through activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress kinase PERK115 (Figure 2d). Here, CD8A is linked to triple-negative breast carcinoma.