Notably, we also observed that the Nmnat1-LKO–induced decrease in PPARα expression and activity in the AF mouse liver was strongly rescued by either Csad-LOE or taurine administration (Fig. 6, G to K), implying that PPARα was a potential down-target of CSAD/taurine–improved ALD. The gene discussed is NMNAT1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.