Among these, SMR identified mRNA levels of three genes (TRAF3, AUH, and HMGCL) to be causally associated with MS susceptibility (PSMR < 0.05, PHEIDI > 0.05, and exhibiting consistent direction of effects as observed at protein levels) (SI Appendix, Table S10). This evidence concerns the gene HMGCL and myeloid sarcoma.