In addition, DSS-induced colitis mice treated with TcES showed a significant increase in the production of IL-4 (Fig. 3b) and the chemokine MCP-1 (CCL2), along with increased production of IL-22 and IL-31, both of which are cytokines involved in protecting the epithelial barrier (Fig. 3c, h, i). Here, IL31 is linked to colitis.