TNF and colitis: Considering that anti-TNF-α immunotherapy, while employed in IBD (Melsheimer et al. 2019), is not universally effective and that newer therapies targeting IL-23R or IL-17, which play a detrimental role in colitis (Tang et al. 2018), are costly (Ananthakrishnan et al. 2024; Berger et al. 2024; Mansouri et al. 2024), iTcES represents a promising biotherapeutic alternative.