CD8A and neoplasm: It has been reported that butyrate regulates CD8+ T cell antitumor immunity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) patients.24,26 Our study also demonstrated that butyrate, a microbial metabolite, plays a pivotal role in shaping the immune landscape in an experimental HCC model, with NK cells playing a key role in butyrate-induced tumor suppression.