CXCL11 and neoplasm: The chemokines, classified as chemoattractant cytokines, play a pivotal role as mediators of leukocyte migration in immune surveillance.30 Increased CXCL11 expression has been associated with enhanced anti-tumor immunity in various cancers.31,32 While evidence suggests that CXCL11 could be a direct downstream target of butyrate and a crucial mediator of NK cell infiltration in HCC, alternative indirect regulatory mechanisms dependent on butyrate may also influence NK cell trafficking.