Previous studies have also shown that LDL receptor-deficient (ldlr−/−) mice fed a Western diet rich in cholesterol, fat, and sucrose developed obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and atherosclerosis, whereas PAI-1 inhibitor PAI-039 significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue inflammation, hyperglycemia, and hepatic triglyceride content (Khoukaz et al., 2020). Here, SERPINE1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.