Another retrospective study of 24,133 veterans with CKD stage 4 revealed a significant decrease (25.6%) in progression to end-stage renal disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients on β2-AR agonists compared with those without COPD or with COPD on drugs other than β2-AR agonists [51]. Here, ADRB2 is linked to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.