These complications involving the musculoskeletal system are likely a result of multiple factors that affect skeletal muscle and bone, including low insulin and IGF-1 levels, hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), diagnosis of T1D in childhood or adolescence resulting in inability to attain optimal muscle and bone mass during early adulthood and duration of diabetes, amongst others (3). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.