This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of combining transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with lenvatinib and a PD-1 inhibitor (TACE+LEN+PD-1) compared to TACE combined with lenvatinib alone (TACE+LEN) in intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients exceeding the up-to-7 criteria. Here, PDCD1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.